| 0 | Students rarely ask higher-order questions, perhaps because candidate discourages students, via words or actions, from asking them |
| 1 | Students periodically ask higher-order questions of the candidate that demonstrate that they are thinking deeply about the essential concepts of science but most of their questions are lower-order procedural or clarification requests. |
| 2 | Students ask several higher-order questions during the lesson that demonstrate that they are thinking deeply about the essential concepts of science. |
| 3 | Lessons are characterized by students asking higher-order questions of the candidate and each other that demonstrate that they are thinking deeply about the essential concepts of science without relying on 'appeal to authority'. |
rcohen@po-box.esu.edu